The two state elections, which must be held within 60 days, will not affect Anwar’s parliamentary majority but could provide a key measure of public support for his government ahead of a general election due by early 2028.

Anwar said last month he could consider an early national election if divisions within his coalition continue to widen. His alliance brings together his Pakatan Harapan bloc, former rival Barisan Nasional and several smaller parties.

Tensions have emerged over ethnic and religious issues, while some reform-minded allies have expressed frustration over the pace of promised changes. Anwar has also faced pressure from the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), a key coalition partner, over calls for a royal pardon for former prime minister Najib Razak, who is serving a prison sentence linked to the 1MDB scandal.

In a sign of strains within the alliance, Barisan Nasional said it would contest the Johor election independently rather than alongside Pakatan Harapan.

The outcomes in Johor and Negeri Sembilan are expected to be closely watched as an indicator of the coalition’s electoral strength and cohesion ahead of future state and national contests.