The growing use of generative artificial intelligence in university classrooms is reshaping how educators approach writing instruction, with some professors warning that widespread reliance on AI-generated prose risks weakening students’ critical thinking, creative development and capacity for sustained intellectual effort.

The debate has become increasingly prominent at leading academic institutions as students gain access to large language models capable of producing essays, stories and analytical writing in seconds. While universities continue to refine policies governing AI use, instructors across disciplines are confronting practical questions about authorship, learning and the purpose of writing itself.

One fiction-writing professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology described those tensions through experiences teaching undergraduate creative writing workshops since 2017. Many students entering the program, the instructor said, come from science and engineering backgrounds and have little prior experience with fiction writing or peer critique.

At the beginning of each semester, students are instructed to read workshop submissions multiple times, identify strengths and weaknesses, and provide detailed written feedback. The process is designed not simply to improve stories but to expose students to the vulnerability and uncertainty inherent in creative work.“Good writing feels good to read; bad writing feels bad,” the instructor wrote, describing fiction workshops as environments where qualitative judgment must nevertheless be defended through close textual analysis.

Creative writing workshops have historically relied on direct engagement between authors and readers. Participants critique narrative structure, characterization, language and emotional resonance while authors defend or reconsider their choices. The process can be psychologically demanding because criticism of the text often feels inseparable from criticism of the writer’s thoughts, experiences or ability to communicate.

For students accustomed to quantitative disciplines with definitive answers and formal methodologies, the ambiguity of fiction writing can be especially difficult. Unlike mathematics or engineering problems, literary quality cannot be measured through objective formulas.The emergence of generative AI has introduced a new complication into that educational dynamic.

According to the professor, AI-generated fiction often exhibits polished grammar, coherent structure and stylistic consistency while lacking the deeper imperfections associated with genuine intellectual struggle or personal expression.The instructor described AI prose as “perfectly mediocre,” arguing that such writing frequently imitates the surface characteristics of literary fiction without reflecting authentic thought or lived experience.

The critique echoes broader concerns among writers, academics and publishers regarding the growing volume of AI-generated content entering educational and creative spaces. Critics argue that while large language models can reproduce stylistic patterns drawn from enormous datasets, they do not independently experience emotion, intention or reflection.

The professor compared AI-generated prose to “simulacra of thought,” arguing that readers often sense an underlying emptiness even when technical quality appears strong.By contrast, student writing — despite awkward phrasing, structural inconsistency or undeveloped ideas was described as evidence of active thinking taking shape through language. “The prose stumbles,” the professor wrote, “in a way reminiscent of a foal learning how to walk.”

The issue became directly confrontational during a recent fiction workshop after the instructor concluded that two submitted stories had been generated primarily through AI tools. According to the account, the stories appeared unusually polished for inexperienced writers, with tidy narrative arcs and formulaic metaphors that lacked individual context or perspective.The workshop was halted before discussion proceeded.

Rather than imposing punishment, the instructor used the incident to initiate a broader conversation about the role of writing in education and the motivations behind AI use.One student reportedly admitted using AI out of fear that classmates would judge her writing negatively.

Another said he had ideas for a story but did not know how to begin writing independently. Other students questioned whether using AI differed fundamentally from receiving editorial assistance or technological support.The discussion reflected a growing uncertainty within higher education regarding where institutions should draw distinctions between assistance, collaboration and authorship.

Universities worldwide have struggled to establish consistent AI policies as generative tools rapidly evolve. Some institutions prohibit AI-generated submissions outright, while others permit limited use for brainstorming, editing or research support. Many policies remain provisional as educators assess both opportunities and risks associated with the technology.

The professor argued that writing serves a developmental function extending beyond the production of finished text. “Writing isn’t just the production of sentences,” the instructor told students. “It’s the training of endurance by way of sustained attention.”That argument aligns with broader academic concerns about cognitive offloading — the transfer of intellectual effort from humans to automated systems.

Several recent studies have explored whether extensive reliance on generative AI affects memory, persistence, analytical reasoning or executive functioning.A preliminary 2025 study conducted by the MIT Media Lab reportedly found lower neural connectivity among participants using ChatGPT-assisted essay writing compared with participants writing independently.

Additional non-peer-reviewed studies cited by the professor raised concerns about diminished persistence and weakened independent problem-solving among high-frequency AI users.While many findings remain preliminary, researchers increasingly warn that overreliance on generative systems could reduce engagement with cognitively demanding tasks that historically contributed to intellectual development.

The professor situated those concerns within a longer historical pattern of technological anxiety. Critics have historically warned that innovations ranging from the printing press to the telephone would damage attention spans, social cohesion or intellectual capacity.

The instructor referenced 16th-century scholar Conrad Gessner, who warned about an overabundance of books, as well as 19th-century fears surrounding telecommunication technologies.Nevertheless, the professor argued that the current moment differs because generative AI directly imitates human language production rather than merely accelerating communication or access to information.

The instructor also drew parallels to George Orwell’s 1946 essay Confessions of a Book Reviewer, in which Orwell described the intellectual exhaustion caused by industrialized literary criticism disconnected from authentic engagement with texts.According to the professor, AI-generated writing risks creating a similar detachment by allowing students to perform the appearance of thought without undergoing the mental process required to generate original ideas.

The response in the classroom has since shifted. Following the AI incident, workshop discussions reportedly became more focused on frustration, uncertainty and the difficulties involved in translating abstract thought into language.

Rather than treating those struggles as evidence of failure, the professor now frames them as central to intellectual growth and creative development. The workshop, the instructor argued, functions properly only when there is an identifiable human consciousness behind the work being discussed.“This is a pedagogical position, not a moral or technical one,” the professor wrote.

The concern, according to the instructor, is not that AI will eliminate writers or make fiction workshops obsolete. Instead, the greater risk lies in students becoming accustomed to bypassing the friction traditionally required to develop voice, judgment and independent thinking.“What my students and I now guard,” the professor wrote, “isn’t a boundary against machines so much as a sanctuary for authorship.”

The secret document shows that Turkey keeps tabs on critics even after they manage to cross into Greece…

Turkish intelligence agency MIT infiltrated refugee camps in Greece in order to spy on critics of the Islamist government of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, secret documents have revealed.

According to a classified police report that compiled data from various government agencies, the intelligence was collected on members of Erdoğan critic the Gülen group who were forced to flee to Greece to escape an unprecedented crackdown in neighboring Turkey. The document was electronically date-stamped June 29, 2019, when it was shared as an inter-agency document with other branches of the government through the Electronic Information Management System (Elektronik Bilgi Yönetim Sistemi, or EBYS).

Although MIT’s clandestine activities in Greece are widely known, the document is a rare piece of evidence that confirms such operations on foreign soil. The document exposes Turkey’s surveillance of refugees and migrants in Greece in order to identify names, plans and whereabouts of those who were persecuted by the Erdogan regime even while abroad.

The explanatory note for a woman named Hilal Bilim, who is wanted on Gülen-linked charges, says she is one of those who fled Turkey in the aftermath of a false flag coup bid on July 15, 2016. “As a result of the intelligence work, she is one of those Gülenists who was identified as having stayed in refugee centers [in Greece]”, the note explained, stressing that some members and sympathizers of the Gülen movement had illegally crossed into Greece, with some staying and applying for asylum there and others moving to other European countries, mainly Germany.

The classified intelligence was uncovered in a criminal investigation overseen by Ankara prosecutor Adem Akıncı into a number of Gülenists who live abroad. Among them was Denmark-based Turkish journalist Hasan Cücük, who faced a credible death threat, prompting the Danish Security and Intelligence Service (Politiets Efterretningstjeneste, or PET) to move him to a safe place in 2017 until the threat was neutralized.

The intelligence gathering activity targeting Gülenists in Greece was located on an Excel-style worksheet with an explanatory note attached next to Bilim’s name. According to the paperwork trail, her name was also mentioned in a statement given by a defendant, and prosecutor Akıncı ordered the Ankara police department on November 20, 2018 to investigate Bilim and others named in the statement. On January 7, 2019, Ibrahim Bozkurt, head of the counterterrorism department, sent the full report on the teacher and others to the prosecutor’s office. The report included information obtained from various sources. In the teacher’s case, it was clear that that the information came from the intelligence services of the Erdoğan government.

Bilim was described as a teacher who had worked for a Gülen school in Turkey, and an arrest warrant was issued for her by the Konya 2nd Criminal Penal Court. Her husband Cemal Bilim was also profiled in the same intelligence document. According to a report by the Stockholm Center for Freedom, 96,719 teachers and academics were purged from Turkey’s public and private educational institutions. The Erdoğan government jailed some 20,000 instructors and arbitrarily fired 34,185 public school teachers and 5,719 academics including professors from state universities in the 2016-2017 period.

The Gülen movement, led by US-based Turkish Muslim scholar Fethullah Gülen, is highly critical of the Erdoğan government on a range of issues from corruption to the government’s arming and funding of radical jihadist groups in Syria and Libya.

Erdoğan, incriminated in a major corruption scandal of 2013 that exposed secret kickbacks in money laundering schemes involving an Iranian sanction buster, blamed Gülen for an investigation into his family members and business and political associates. He branded the group as a terrorist entity although no violent act had been associated with it and launched a major crackdown against the group, jailing and/or purging tens of thousands of government employees, unlawfully seizing their assets, shutting down schools, universities, NGOs, media outlets, hospitals and others that were associated with the movement.

Greece has served as an important destination for critics and opponents of the Erdoğan regime including Gülenists to escape Erdoğan’s wrath as it has both land and sea borders with Turkey. The Turkish intelligence services, already running operations to collect information using assets developed from minority Muslim groups in Greece, have intensified their operations in the neighboring NATO member. The secret document shows that Turkey keeps tabs on critics even after they manage to cross into Greece and seek asylum under international human rights conventions.

Article first appeared on Nordic Monitor.

Abdullah Bozkurt lives in Sweden. He is director of Nordic Research and Monitoring Network. He is also journalist and author of Turkey Interrupted Derailing Democracy. He tweets under @abdbozkurt.