Four contenders are competing for the post, with the successful candidate set to assume office at the start of next year and confront mounting challenges facing the United Nations, whose global standing has come under increasing scrutiny.

During two days of hearings, candidates emphasized the need to modernize the 80-year-old body, established after World War Two, as geopolitical tensions and actions by major powers strain the norms underpinning the post-war international order.

Rebeca Grynspan, former vice president of Costa Rica and current head of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, said restoring trust in the institution would be critical, identifying peacemaking as her top priority.

“To defend the United Nations today is to have the courage to change it,” Grynspan said, warning that confidence in the organization was eroding and time to reverse the trend was limited.

Macky Sall, who served as Senegal’s president until 2024, advocated what he described as “rigorous management” reforms aimed at improving coordination across UN agencies and reducing duplication, as pressure mounts to cut costs and demonstrate effectiveness.

“Now is the time to do better with less,” Sall said, outlining his vision for a more efficient and forward-looking institution.The candidates are vying for a five-year term, renewable once, in a process that has drawn fewer applicants compared to 2016, when Guterres was selected from a field of 13 contenders.

Grynspan and Michelle Bachelet are seeking to become the first woman to lead the United Nations, reflecting a broader push for gender representation at the highest levels of global governance.

Bachelet reiterated her support for women’s rights during her hearing, amid opposition from some conservative U.S. lawmakers over her stance on abortion.Also in the race is Rafael Grossi, a career diplomat from Argentina who currently heads the International Atomic Energy Agency.

Grossi said reform efforts were progressing but remained incomplete.While there is no formal requirement, longstanding precedent discourages candidates from the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council Britain, China, France, Russia and the United States to avoid concentration of power, although their support remains decisive in the selection process.

The UNICEF Executive Board concluded its first regular session of 2026 with a warning that decades of progress in child survival could be reversed as funding constraints, conflict and systemic pressures weaken global health systems, according to statements delivered during the meeting.

The two-and-a-half day session reviewed a range of institutional priorities, including implementation of the United Nations’ UN80 reform initiative, UNICEF’s global evaluation plan for 2026–2029, and updates on the work of national committees engaged in fundraising and youth outreach. Financial oversight, programme delivery and governance issues were also examined as part of the Board’s agenda.

A central focus of the session was child health, highlighted during discussions on eight newly approved country programme documents covering Argentina, Cuba, Georgia, Malaysia, Mexico, Somalia, South Africa and Sudan. Board members and senior officials framed investment in primary healthcare as critical not only to survival outcomes but to broader human development and social stability.

Opening the session, Rein Tammsaar, President of the Board and Estonia’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations, emphasized inclusive governance as a priority for 2026. He also pointed to the potential role of artificial intelligence in expanding access to and improving the quality of education.

Tammsaar acknowledged UNICEF personnel working in high-risk environments, stating that their operational commitment underpins the organization’s credibility.In her introductory remarks, Catherine Russell cautioned that progress in reducing child mortality could stall for the first time in three decades.

She identified child and maternal health as core priorities and cited the establishment of a global Centre of Excellence in Nairobi aimed at strengthening technical capacity in health, nutrition and water, sanitation and hygiene services.Senior officials presented evidence of significant global gains, including a reduction in annual under-five deaths to below 5 million and an estimated 4.2 million child deaths prevented annually through immunization.

Maternal mortality has declined by roughly one third since 2000. However, speakers stressed that these achievements remain fragile.Douglas Noble, Associate Director of Health, said abrupt reductions in development funding are disrupting essential services and exposing structural weaknesses in health systems. He added that misinformation is undermining vaccine confidence, while conflict, climate-related shocks and economic instability are increasing displacement and limiting access to care.

Noble stated that survival alone is no longer an adequate benchmark for child development, arguing for integrated approaches that include mental health, psychosocial support and adolescent well-being alongside physical health services. He urged governments to prioritize primary healthcare in national budgets, protect health spending during fiscal pressures and invest in community-level health workers.

Panel discussions reflected concerns that setbacks are not confined to low-income countries. Participants noted declining vaccination rates in Argentina and signs of reversal in child survival indicators in South Africa. Rising mental health challenges among adolescents, including increased suicidal behaviour in Malaysia, were also highlighted.

Speakers from governments, international organizations, academia and civil society reiterated that access to healthcare should not be treated as a privilege. They stressed the need for age-appropriate services that address both communicable and noncommunicable conditions, supported by integrated systems spanning health, education and social protection.

Testimony from field representatives underscored the impact of conflict on health infrastructure. Ayoub Ibrahim Arabi Mohammed described conditions in Sudan, where ongoing violence has displaced populations and disrupted medical services. He reported shortages of fuel, medicine and basic supplies in hospitals, while some clinics have ceased operations entirely, leaving families without access to care.

He emphasized the role of frontline health workers as critical to sustaining services in conflict settings and called for their protection. He also warned that children are dying due to the inability of healthcare systems to function effectively under prolonged instability.Across discussions, a consistent theme emerged that sustaining progress in child survival requires resilient primary healthcare systems capable of withstanding external shocks.

UNICEF outlined key policy areas for governments, including strengthening primary care, restoring trust in immunization programmes, addressing underlying determinants such as malnutrition and sanitation, and integrating mental health and noncommunicable disease responses into health strategies.

Mental health featured prominently in the session, with officials noting that one in seven adolescents aged 10 to 19 is living with a mental health condition. Data presented indicated that one in four children has a caregiver experiencing mental health challenges, highlighting broader social implications.

Officials also cited global estimates suggesting that a young person dies by suicide every 11 minutes, underscoring the scale of the issue.Meylan Alejandra Ramos Espejel, speaking on behalf of young people, linked mental health challenges to wider global pressures including migration, conflict and climate-related disruptions.

She called for greater inclusion of youth perspectives in policymaking and emphasized the need for tangible support mechanisms.Noncommunicable diseases were identified as another growing concern, affecting more than 2 billion individuals under the age of 20 through direct conditions or exposure to risk factors.

Officials noted that these diseases disproportionately affect children in lower-income settings, challenging the perception that they are confined to wealthier populations.The Board also reviewed progress on international policy commitments.

A political declaration adopted by heads of state in September 2025 on noncommunicable diseases and mental health was cited as a milestone, with references to children and youth included multiple times, reflecting increased global attention to these issues.Despite broad agreement on key priorities, the Board did not reach consensus on all agenda items, with some decisions requiring formal votes.

By the end of the session, seven decisions were adopted, covering areas including governance, financial oversight, evaluation frameworks and fundraising strategies.The Board approved eight country programmes and extended a subregional programme for the Gulf Area.

These programmes are intended to guide interventions across sectors including health, education, nutrition and child protection, reflecting an integrated approach to humanitarian and development challenges.In closing remarks, Russell said the approved programmes provide operational frameworks for delivering measurable outcomes, while acknowledging the absence of consensus on certain items.

Tammsaar expressed concern over divisions within the Board, stating that consensus-based decisions strengthen institutional unity and effectiveness.The next annual session of the Executive Board is scheduled to take place from June 16 to 19, 2026.

The candidates former Chilean president Michelle Bachelet, International Atomic Energy Agency chief Rafael Grossi of Argentina, UN trade and development head Rebeca Grynspan of Costa Rica, and former Senegalese president Macky Sall are set to participate in hours-long hearings on Tuesday and Wednesday in a process aimed at increasing transparency in the selection of the UN’s top official.

The public dialogues, introduced in 2016, allow member states and non-governmental organizations to question candidates directly. However, the final decision will rest with the 15-member UN Security Council, where the five permanent members the United States, Russia, China, Britain and France hold veto power.

The selection comes at a time when the United Nations faces significant operational strain, including what officials describe as a severe budget shortfall linked to delayed or withheld contributions, particularly from the United States. Washington’s envoy to the UN has indicated that the next secretary-general must align with U.S. priorities, underscoring the geopolitical stakes involved in the appointment.

Bachelet, 74, brings decades of political and diplomatic experience, having served as Chile’s first female president and later as the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. Her tenure at the rights body drew criticism from some member states, including China, following reports addressing alleged abuses against Uyghur populations.

Grossi, 65, has led the IAEA since 2019 and has played a central role in navigating nuclear-related tensions involving Iran and the conflict in Ukraine, including concerns surrounding the Zaporizhzhia nuclear facility. His candidacy places him under scrutiny from both Western powers and Russia, reflecting the sensitivity of his portfolio.

Grynspan, 70, currently heads the UN Conference on Trade and Development and has been credited with facilitating the Black Sea Grain Initiative, which enabled grain exports amid the Ukraine conflict.

She has emphasized multilateral cooperation and her personal background as the daughter of Holocaust survivors in articulating her commitment to the UN Charter.Sall, 64, stands as the only candidate outside Latin America, a region many member states argue should produce the next secretary-general under informal rotation practices.

His candidacy has faced resistance within Africa, including from segments of the African Union, and criticism related to his handling of political unrest during his presidency.All four candidates have pledged to restore confidence in the United Nations and address divisions among member states, as conflicts and economic pressures test the institution’s capacity to respond effectively.

The hearings are expected to shape diplomatic negotiations in the coming months as Security Council members weigh competing priorities before recommending a candidate to the General Assembly.

Speaking at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Guterres said violations of international law were increasingly visible at a time when the global system is under strain and power dynamics are shifting. He stressed that adherence to legal norms was “more important than ever” amid growing geopolitical tensions.

The commemorative session, attended by Willem-Alexander, highlighted both the legacy and current pressures facing the court, which adjudicates disputes between states. Guterres noted that the ICJ is currently handling a rising number of cases, reflecting both its relevance and the complexity of contemporary conflicts.

Recent high-profile proceedings include a case brought by South Africa against Israel alleging violations of the Genocide Convention in Gaza, as well as a landmark environmental advisory opinion issued last year that clarified states’ obligations on climate change and opened the possibility of reparations for non-compliance.

Despite its central role, Guterres said institutions such as the ICJ are increasingly being “questioned and challenged,” with erosion of respect for international law occurring not at the margins but “at the core” of the global system, including among states tasked with maintaining international peace and security.

He reiterated that ICJ rulings are legally binding under the UN Charter, even though the court lacks enforcement mechanisms, a limitation frequently cited by critics. He pointed to the court’s order directing Russia to halt its invasion of Ukraine, which was not followed, as an example of the gap between legal authority and political compliance.

Yuji Iwasawa echoed these concerns, warning of “troubling signs” of countries questioning multilateralism and the role of law in international relations. He said such trends place significant pressure on the global legal framework and underscore the fragility of the system.

Guterres framed the moment as a broader choice facing the international community between a rules-based order and one shaped by power politics, emphasizing that respect for international law remains a foundational obligation for all UN member states.

Survivors of torture from multiple regions are advocating for the adoption of a new international framework aimed at strengthening accountability, rehabilitation, and recognition, as the United Nations intensifies efforts to address gaps in justice systems worldwide.

The proposed Charter of Rights of Victims and Survivors of Torture, developed over three years through consultations and regional hearings, was presented at the 61st session of the Human Rights Council in March 2026 by UN Special Rapporteur on Torture Alice Edwards.

The document outlines standards intended to guide states in addressing the long-term consequences of torture, with a focus on survivor participation and access to justice.The charter draws on more than 120 submissions from survivors globally and reflects recurring patterns identified across different regions.

According to Edwards, survivors frequently face a second phase of hardship after the abuse itself, marked by difficulties in securing recognition, accessing healthcare, and navigating complex legal systems.“Many described a second struggle: to be believed, to access care, to navigate complex institutions, and to obtain legal recognition,” Edwards said, adding that institutional barriers often prolong suffering rather than alleviate it.

The initiative has been supported by organizations working with survivors, including those funded through the UN Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture. It seeks to shift the focus of anti-torture frameworks toward long-term recovery and systemic reform, rather than solely prohibition and punishment.

For survivors such as Shireen Khudeeda, a Yazidi woman abducted during the 2014 attacks by Islamic State in Iraq’s Sinjar region, the consequences of torture extend far beyond physical harm. Held in captivity for three years and subjected to severe abuse, Khudeeda now advocates for justice, including the identification of mass graves and support for affected communities.

“Sometimes when it’s physical you can treat it, but torture in your soul you can never heal it,” she said, reflecting on the enduring psychological impact of her experience.More than a decade after the attacks, many Yazidi families remain without closure, with missing relatives yet to be accounted for.

Khudeeda said that even when answers emerge, they can reignite trauma, citing the identification of her father’s remains as a moment that brought both confirmation and renewed grief.In Mexico, Italia Méndez, a survivor of sexual torture during a 2006 police operation in San Salvador Atenco, continues to pursue justice nearly two decades after the events. Her case, along with those of other women, was recognized by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2018.

Despite this ruling, Méndez said access to adequate medical care and reparations remains limited.“We have a binding judgment and yet we still have not been able to access even the most basic thing, which is dignified and specialised medical care,” she said, describing ongoing challenges in receiving treatment for the long-term effects of torture.

Méndez emphasized that her advocacy is collective, reflecting a broader effort by survivors to prevent recurrence and address systemic impunity. She said continued legal action remains necessary to secure accountability and meaningful redress.In Burundi, Donatien Ndabigeze, a survivor of political violence linked to the 2015 crisis, has pursued justice through international mechanisms.

His case was recognized by the UN Committee Against Torture, which found the state responsible for violations. Ndabigeze said the decision affirmed the severity of the abuses and underscored the importance of international accountability mechanisms.“My case is not only personal; it reflects the situation of many Burundians,” he said, adding that access to justice often requires engagement beyond national systems when domestic remedies are unavailable.

The experiences of these survivors illustrate broader structural challenges identified in the charter. Edwards noted that justice processes are often fragmented and slow, with accountability typically achieved through cumulative efforts involving documentation, litigation, and sustained advocacy.“Accountability rarely happens through a single dramatic moment. It is usually cumulative,” she said.

The charter emphasizes that survivors should play an active role in shaping policies and institutions designed to address torture. It calls for their inclusion not only as witnesses but as stakeholders in decision-making processes, reflecting a shift toward participatory approaches in human rights governance.“Survivors are not merely witnesses to atrocity.

They are rights-holders, advocates and architects of positive change,” Edwards said, cautioning against tokenistic engagement that limits participation to symbolic gestures.For Méndez, the initiative represents a significant step toward recognizing the expertise of survivors. She said incorporating their perspectives into policy design is essential to ensuring that justice mechanisms are responsive and effective.

The charter outlines key areas for reform, including ensuring access to rehabilitation services, strengthening legal recognition, preventing re-traumatization, and establishing safeguards to avoid recurrence. It also underscores the need for systems that restore dignity and rebuild trust between individuals and institutions.

Khudeeda said that speaking out is a necessary part of that process, particularly for communities that have experienced large-scale atrocities. “Because we lost everything, there is nothing else to lose,” she said, describing advocacy as a means of demanding accountability and recognition.

Ndabigeze similarly highlighted the importance of visibility, noting that survivor testimony can challenge societal silence and bring attention to the human impact behind statistical data.The charter is intended as a practical framework for states, with proponents urging governments to adopt and implement its provisions.

Edwards said that embedding survivor perspectives into policy design could improve both prevention and response mechanisms.“If the Charter were implemented, survivors would no longer feel invisible,” she said, adding that timely access to rehabilitation and meaningful participation would strengthen trust in institutions.The initiative comes amid broader international efforts to enhance accountability for human rights violations and improve support systems for victims. By centring the experiences of survivors, the charter aims to address longstanding gaps in justice systems and reinforce global commitments to preventing torture and supporting those affected by it.

“Justice after torture restores dignity — and only when trust is rebuilt can societies prosper and thrive,” Edwards said.

Environmental degradation and systemic inequality are leaving billions of people without access to safe drinking water and sanitation, according to a United Nations policy brief that underscores the growing intersection between climate pressures, public health risks, and human rights obligations.

The brief, prepared by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights on behalf of UN-Water, estimates that around 2.1 billion people globally lack access to safely managed drinking water, while 3.4 billion do not have access to safely managed sanitation services.

The findings are intended to guide policymakers and government authorities in designing laws and strategies that address water scarcity and environmental stress through a human rights-based framework.Under international human rights law, states are required to ensure that water and sanitation services are available, accessible, affordable, acceptable, and of adequate quality.

These obligations are central to maintaining public health, supporting livelihoods, and ensuring a basic standard of dignity.Despite these commitments, the report highlights persistent and widespread gaps in service delivery. More than 1,000 children under the age of five die each day from diseases linked to unsafe water, poor sanitation, and inadequate hygiene.

The burden of water access also falls disproportionately on women and girls, who collectively spend an estimated 250 million hours daily collecting water, often under conditions that expose them to physical risk and limit opportunities for education and employment.

The report identifies chronic underinvestment in the water and sanitation sector as a major constraint, noting that funding levels remain insufficient relative to the scale of the challenge. This underinvestment comes despite the sector’s critical role in climate resilience, economic development, and disease prevention.

According to the brief, environmental degradation is compounding existing inequalities and disproportionately affecting marginalized populations. Groups identified as particularly vulnerable include women and girls, children, older persons, persons with disabilities, Indigenous communities, people living in poverty, and those displaced by conflict or environmental stress.

“For many, the denial of access to safe drinking water and sanitation is a result, not of scarcity alone, but of exclusion and inaccessibility woven into institutions and infrastructure,” the report states, highlighting structural barriers that limit equitable access.The document also draws attention to emerging and conflict-related threats to water security.

It notes that water infrastructure has increasingly been targeted in armed conflicts, in violation of international humanitarian law. In Gaza, the destruction of desalination facilities and damage to water systems has forced civilians to rely on contaminated supplies. In Sudan, attacks on water and electricity infrastructure have disrupted access for millions, while in Yemen, sanitation facilities supported by international organizations have been struck by airstrikes.

In addition to conflict-related risks, the brief identifies new pressures linked to technological and industrial expansion. The rapid growth of data centres, for example, is emerging as a significant but often overlooked source of water consumption. A single one-megawatt data centre can require more than 25 million litres of water annually for cooling, an amount roughly equivalent to the daily consumption needs of 300,000 people.

Amid these challenges, the report outlines examples of policy interventions that integrate human rights principles into water governance. Case studies from multiple countries illustrate how targeted reforms can improve access, affordability, and sustainability.In Bangladesh, a community-led initiative enabled residents in coastal areas to co-finance a climate-resilient water facility, with women trained to manage operations.

The program contributed to a reduction in waterborne diseases and improved school attendance among girls, and has since been replicated across hundreds of administrative wards.In Costa Rica, a water tariff reform introduced progressive pricing, charging higher rates for heavy users while offering subsidized rates for low-income households. The approach improved affordability for vulnerable populations while encouraging conservation, demonstrating how economic regulation can align with human rights objectives.

The brief emphasizes that such initiatives are most effective when supported by strong governance frameworks. It calls for greater transparency, public participation, and access to information, alongside legal mechanisms that allow individuals to seek redress when rights are violated.States are also urged to integrate water and sanitation priorities into broader policy frameworks, including climate adaptation plans, biodiversity strategies, and disaster risk reduction efforts.

The report highlights the need for financing models that are predictable, accessible, and aligned with human rights standards, as well as the importance of strengthening local governance capacities.Gender considerations are identified as a critical component of effective policy design.

The report calls for measures to address structural inequalities, including gender-responsive budgeting, increased representation of women in decision-making, and protections against gender-based violence linked to water access.The role of the private sector is also addressed, with the report referencing the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Companies are expected to conduct due diligence, disclose environmental and social impacts, and provide remedies where harm occurs.

Governments, in turn, are tasked with regulating corporate activity to prevent abuses affecting water and sanitation systems.UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk said that addressing water and sanitation challenges requires sustained political and financial commitment. “Investment in water is an investment in dignity, equality, public health, and sustainable development,” he said in a statement marking World Water Day 2026.

The findings highlight the scale and complexity of the global water crisis, with environmental degradation, population pressures, and governance gaps continuing to strain already fragile systems.

The “Heroes of Tomorrow: UN SDG Action Awards” is a global initiative recognizing efforts aligned with the UN SDG Action Campaign and the broader Sustainable Development Goals agenda.

The awards, launched as part of the SDG Global Festival of Action, highlight work across areas including climate action, gender equality, education and peacebuilding.

Marina Ponti, global director of the campaign, said the program aims to amplify voices from underserved communities leading transformative change. She described awardees as individuals who act decisively despite constraints and demonstrate commitment to building a more equitable and sustainable world.

Ponti said the 2026 edition will feature three categories: Changemaker, recognizing leadership in justice and peace; Creativity, focusing on initiatives using art and innovation; and Resilience, highlighting efforts addressing conflict, inequality and climate pressures.

Past awardees include Syrian refugee Jin Dawod, whose mental health platform supports displaced communities across 26 countries, and Julienne Lusenge, known for her work supporting survivors of gender-based violence and advancing peacebuilding in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

According to Ponti, the program has received around 5,500 applications from 190 countries in recent years, with entries assessed on impact, scalability and innovation, alongside what she described as a distinguishing “wow factor.”

She noted disparities in application volumes due to barriers such as language and access, with a higher share of submissions coming from English-speaking countries. The campaign is exploring measures to improve inclusivity through expanded outreach, language support and partnerships.

Ponti added that governments can strengthen participation by investing in local initiatives through funding, training and capacity-building programs to help scale grassroots solutions.

Finalists will be invited to an awards ceremony scheduled for later in the year.

The announcement reflects continued attention by European institutions on developments linked to public order and civil conditions.

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen stated that the EU remains closely engaged with events unfolding in Iran.

She highlighted the importance of monitoring conditions while maintaining alignment with international principles.

EU officials have emphasized that their approach is guided by long-standing commitments to human dignity and legal norms.

Any future steps are expected to follow established EU procedures and collective decision-making processes.

Brussels has repeatedly underlined the need for restraint and dialogue in situations involving public unrest.

European leaders have also stressed that stability and lawful conduct are essential for long-term regional balance.

The European Commission plays a central role in proposing policy measures that are later reviewed by member states.

Such proposals typically undergo extensive consultation before being finalized and adopted.

In recent years, the EU has used a range of diplomatic and economic tools to express its positions on global issues.

These tools are often framed within a broader strategy aimed at encouraging cooperation and compliance with international standards.

Officials say the current focus reflects ongoing assessments rather than abrupt policy shifts.

The EU continues to engage with international partners to ensure consistency and coordination.

Observers note that European actions are often incremental and designed to send clear policy signals.

This approach allows room for dialogue while reinforcing shared values among member countries.

The situation in Iran has remained on the EU agenda through various institutional forums.

Regular discussions help shape responses that balance principle, diplomacy, and regional considerations.

European leaders have reiterated that their goal is not isolation but constructive engagement where possible.

They maintain that long-term solutions depend on dialogue, transparency, and respect for established norms.

As developments continue, EU institutions are expected to keep member states informed.

Any proposals will be discussed collectively to ensure unity and clarity of purpose.

Overall, the EU’s latest remarks signal continued attentiveness rather than immediate change.

Future steps will likely depend on evolving circumstances and ongoing consultations.

World leaders at this year’s General Assembly highlighted the need for ambitious selection criteria, transparency, and a process that reflects both geographical diversity and gender balance. The move represents not only a symbolic step toward inclusivity but also a tangible enhancement of decision-making processes within the United Nations. Female leadership at this level is widely seen as a catalyst for broader representation, stronger accountability, and more equitable governance across international institutions.

Regional balance is expected to play a key role in the selection process. Traditionally, the secretary-generalship rotates among global regions, and while Guterres’ term marked a period for Eastern Europe, Latin America is widely anticipated to produce the next candidate. Several countries in the region are promoting candidates who bring extensive experience in peace, climate justice, human rights, and sustainable development, demonstrating the growing capability and global reach of female leadership.

Former Chilean President Michelle Bachelet, recognized internationally for her work in human rights and development, has emerged as a strong contender, garnering broad support from regional leaders. Her potential appointment reflects a commitment to bridging divides between regions, promoting dialogue between nations, and reinforcing the U.N.’s mission to foster global cooperation.

The selection process, conducted by the 15-member Security Council and confirmed by the General Assembly, has evolved in recent years to enhance transparency and inclusivity. Candidate nominations are now circulated to all member states, ensuring a more participatory process that prioritizes competence, experience, and global representation. Experts emphasize that this historic appointment will strengthen the U.N.’s credibility, signal a renewed commitment to gender equality, and inspire young leaders worldwide.

As the U.N. prepares to elect its next secretary-general in 2026, the global community is watching closely. The potential for a woman to lead the organization marks a pivotal moment in international governance, setting a precedent for future generations and reaffirming the U.N.’s role as a forward-looking institution that embraces diversity, leadership, and sustainable global progress.