A 2023 survey by the Mental Health Foundation found that roughly one in five people in the United Kingdom report feeling anxious most or all of the time. The pressure appears especially acute among younger populations.

In 2024 alone, about 500 children a day were referred for anxiety-related treatment through the National Health Service in England, underscoring the growing scale of the challenge facing health systems and families.

Mental health specialists say the phenomenon reflects the psychological consequences of living in an era marked by constant information flows, social pressures and economic insecurity.

Anxiety as a survival mechanism; According to psychotherapist Owen O’Kane, anxiety itself is not inherently harmful. It forms part of the body’s natural “fight, flight or freeze” response an evolutionary mechanism designed to protect people from danger.

However, he says the problem arises when the brain remains locked in a permanent state of alertness. In that situation, the mind interprets everyday uncertainty as a potential threat, leaving individuals constantly tense and hyper-vigilant.

Psychologists describe anxiety as closely linked to uncertainty. In a rapidly changing world, people often struggle to tolerate unpredictability, leading their minds to imagine worst-case scenarios as a form of psychological preparation.

Counselling psychologist and broadcaster Sian Williams says this process can sometimes be beneficial. Anticipating potential risks can help people plan ahead. But when the brain fills informational gaps with imagined catastrophes, anxiety can spiral into a persistent and unhelpful mental state.

Experts increasingly emphasize that trying to suppress or avoid anxious feelings may intensify them. Instead, they argue that learning to understand and manage anxiety can allow people to use it as a signal rather than a controlling force.

Childhood: learning resilience early;

Anxiety frequently emerges during childhood, especially during periods of change such as starting school or adjusting to new environments.

Clinical psychologist Meredith Elkins, who specializes in childhood anxiety at Harvard Medical School’s McLean Hospital, says parents should avoid treating anxiety as a character flaw.She explains that temporary fears are a normal part of development.

The key is to acknowledge children’s emotions while encouraging them to continue participating in daily activities.Parents sometimes attempt to shield children from situations that cause anxiety, but experts warn that constant avoidance may reinforce fear rather than reduce it.

Exposure to manageable challenges helps young people build coping skills and resilience.Specialists recommend watching for three warning signs that anxiety may require professional attention: when it significantly interferes with daily activities, when emotional distress appears disproportionate to the situation, and when symptoms persist for weeks or months.

There is also a strong relationship between anxiety and neurodiversity. Children with sensory sensitivities or conditions affecting attention and processing may experience anxiety differently. In such cases, clinicians often adjust treatment strategies for example, modifying environments or introducing tools such as noise-reducing headphones to help children gradually participate in social settings.

Adolescence: identity and emotional turbulence;

For many teenagers, anxiety intensifies during adolescence, a period marked by identity formation, academic pressures and social comparison.

Psychologists say a key challenge is preventing young people from seeing anxiety as a defining personal trait rather than a temporary emotional state.Open conversations about emotions can help normalize the experience.

When parents share their own fears and how they cope with them, teenagers may feel more comfortable discussing their worries.Encouraging adolescents to identify the underlying fear behind their anxiety can also make challenges feel more manageable.

Concerns about exams, social rejection or family conflict often appear overwhelming until they are examined more closely.Another growing concern among specialists is the influence of social media. Many parents struggle to monitor how online content shapes teenagers’ self-perception and emotional well-being.

Psychologists say excessive exposure to comparison, criticism or distressing news can amplify feelings of insecurity.For some families, setting boundaries around social media use becomes necessary when online interactions significantly increase emotional distress.

Early adulthood: uncertainty and social pressures;

Young adulthood presents a new set of pressures that can intensify anxiety.Clinical psychologist Lauren Cook notes that younger generations have grown up immersed in a constant stream of news and digital information.

Human brains, she says, were not designed to process large volumes of negative global developments in real time.Economic uncertainty adds further strain. Rising housing costs and unstable employment prospects often force young adults to relocate or delay long-term plans.Lifestyle factors can also play a role.

Poor sleep, excessive alcohol consumption and unhealthy diets may increase stress and inflammation in the body, which research increasingly links to mental health conditions.

Experts advise relatively simple habits to help counter these effects. Regular physical movement, exposure to sunlight and mindful activities such as meditation or yoga can reduce the intensity of anxious thoughts.Social connection is equally important. Younger generations are often described as among the loneliest, despite being the most digitally connected.

Psychologists encourage individuals to actively initiate real-world interactions meeting friends for coffee, joining community groups or simply having conversations without phones nearby.

Later life: anxiety and loss: Anxiety does not disappear with age. In some cases it intensifies as people confront health challenges, bereavement or declining independence.

Psychiatrist Cornelius Katona notes that anxiety among older adults is frequently under-recognized. Cultural attitudes toward discussing mental health can discourage individuals from seeking support.Psychological therapies are often effective in addressing anxiety in later life.

Clinicians say medication alone may not always be the most appropriate approach, particularly when emotional distress stems from life transitions rather than chemical imbalance.Supporting older individuals may involve reconnecting them with activities that once brought them purpose or joy.

Rejoining social groups, engaging in hobbies or volunteering can help rebuild confidence and reduce isolation.Grief is another factor that commonly fuels anxiety in older adulthood.

Psychotherapist Julia Samuel explains that loss can trigger feelings of vulnerability and fear about the future. Activities such as journaling, music and movement may help people process grief while reconnecting with positive experiences.

Learning to live with uncertainty; Mental health professionals increasingly agree that anxiety cannot be completely eliminated from human life. Instead, the challenge lies in developing healthier relationships with it.

Across all stages of life, experts emphasize the importance of acknowledging anxious thoughts without allowing them to dictate behaviour. Therapy, supportive relationships and practical coping strategies can help individuals regain a sense of safety and control.

In a world characterized by rapid change and uncertainty, anxiety may remain a persistent feature of modern life.

But psychologists say understanding how it functions and learning to respond to it constructively can prevent fear from dominating everyday experience.

The policy was signed in Jakarta by seven ministers and is designed to guide the use of digital technology and AI across formal and informal educational institutions, from early childhood education to universities.

Officials said the measure aims to balance the potential benefits of digital innovation with safeguards to protect children and teenagers from risks associated with prolonged exposure to digital platforms.

Indonesia has one of the world’s largest online populations, with nearly 230 million internet users in 2025, according to a survey by the Association of Indonesian Internet Service Providers. Generation Alpha and Generation Z together account for nearly half of that figure.

Government officials said Indonesian children spend about 7.5 hours per day on screens, raising concerns about the social and cognitive effects of prolonged digital engagement.

Pratikno, Indonesia’s Coordinating Minister for Human Development and Cultural Affairs, said the decree was introduced partly in response to growing concerns about mental health issues among young people.

“There are a lot of factors but the number of teenagers with mental health issues are high and continue to increase, and one of the suspected triggers that have been proven academically is the uncontrolled, unmitigated use of digital technology,” Pratikno said.

He added that excessive reliance on digital tools could weaken brain activity and reduce critical thinking, cognitive development and reflective abilities among students.

The policy also seeks to promote responsible digital use and strengthen digital literacy among young Indonesians.

Meutya Hafid, Minister of Communication and Digital Affairs, said the initiative was intended to ensure that children are able to use technology in a way that reflects their level of readiness.

“Indonesia has a significant number of children using the internet. Therefore, we must ensure that they are not only a target market for the technology industry, but also able to utilize technology according to their readiness,” she said.

The decree was also signed by officials including Higher Education, Science and Technology Minister Brian Yuliarto and Primary and Secondary Education Minister Abdul Mu’ti, reflecting a cross-government approach to regulating digital technology in the education sector.